Gestión y control en la nueva economía

The strategies of management and control of the conventional economy had its origin and development in a more stable environment, in which the changes were susceptible to anticipate themselves, allowing time to plan and to audit. In the new economy, based in information and knowledge, the accelerated technological pro-gress, combined with a massive consumption, generates a new society that one may locate in an open environment of integration and globalisation where uncer-tainties, instabilities and changes are no longer susceptible to govern themselves from the strategies of management and control based on models and techniques that had their origin and development in scientific principles in which the success appeared associate to the order, the stability and the balance. In the new econ-omy, the uncertainty, the turbulences, the instabilities and the non-balance, al-though lack clear answers, have, nevertheless, to recognize themselves, to as-sume themselves and to manage themselves as forces that stimulate creativity and innovation. It is an immaterial economy in which the power now depends more of the information, of the knowledge and the innovation than of the means of pro-duction (capital and work) of the material economy.

This book after analyzing the evolution of management and control in relation to the evolution of the scientific process and the changes of the environment, from the industrial economy to the new economy of information and complexity, deals with the new strategies of management and control in which the future and the environment not only is anticipated, but is created.

The author, also, goes into the processes of integration and globalisation, where simultaneously appear contradictory processes: ascending ones, of integration and globalisation, and descendent ones, of decentralization and location. The models of management and control of the conventional economy are insufficient to manage these processes of expansion and contraction incorporating the values of integration, complex learning, creation of future and innovation that the new econ-omy of the complexity brings to us.

Science constitutes a vision of the world dependent on the realities, values and beliefs of every time, thus appearing, as a product of our cultural evolution, so that each model of scientific thinking generates political, social and economic models. For any neutral observer it is obvious that the models of management and control used today in the economic policy, in finance and in business, show a lack of ad-justment with the present realities, values and beliefs. The philosophy and the techniques of management and control have their origin and development in a simpler environment and scientific principles that were based on the order, the stability and the balance; but the tensions, instabilities and turbulences that char-acterise the environment of innovation, integration and globalisation of the new economy, make us introduce new models of scientific thinking based on principles of globality, non-balance and instability, in which the information of the environ-ment is fuelled by the managing performances, when becoming a endogenous variable, no longer allows to establish temporary horizons of management, nor the necessary learning time for the adaptation. All it demands new methods and tech-niques for the study of the emergent informal organisations that practice complex learning in the opportunity and they manage the innovation and the creativity of the new economy.

The scientific culture, like the literary, poetic or the pictorial one, is a human crea-tion, product of the vision of the world and of the spirit of every time. Thus, the most outstanding categories of pos-modernity, such as pluralism, the variety or the contingency had been generated in the modern society; but this one lacked ideals to integrate them. For the Modern Age, the disorder, the instability and the balance was not considered a failure. Nevertheless, the protocol of complexity constitutes a scientific synthesis that already integrates, in its ideals, “order-disorder”, “stabil-ity-instability” and “balance-not balance”. In the same way that there was a time in which the manager had to learn to anticipate, to assume and to manage the uncer-tainty, in the new economy of today he must learn to do it with the instability, the disorder and the non-balance that takes place in all the processes of evolutionary change that are also creative processes. Throughout the book these new catego-ries and alternatives sensitivities that, in the scope of the management and the control, bring post-modern thinking to us are also identified. Therefore, it is a book that will let the reader update his scientific culture in all that related with the eco-nomic management in its applications to innovation, to integration and to globalisa-tion. The financial crisis of 98 intensified the interest for the innovation, integration and globalisation processes, which has impelled the author to explain this new scientific legality, already very advanced in other fields of knowledge, to the scope of management and control of the new economy, in a more reasonable and closer to the language of the management science.

Chapter I approaches the evolution of the treatment of the problems related to the management and the control of the economic resources in the framework of the evolution of the general scientific process, from the industrial era until the one of the complexity, taking shape, in chapter 2, the changes of the corresponding envi-ronment, the learning and, even, of the systems of accounting representation. Chapter 3 is especially dedicated to the application of the economy of the method-ology of chaos and complexity. Chapter 4 deals with the management and the control in innovation, discussing, specifically, the valuation of the intellectual capi-tal, or fund of technological commerce, through the integrated knowledge balance.

Chapter 5 is aimed at the institutional economy and the strategic management of the changes; it pays special attention to the new ethics overcoming that corre-sponding to the material economy. Chapter 6 that deals with world affairs, global-ism and globalisation, besides to delimit its reach, contemplates the strategies that demand the present processes of integration and globalisation. In chapter 7, start-ing off from the concrete consideration of the financial management, it is studied the management in the macro-regionalisation and in the micro-regionalisation and it analyzes the failure of global management and the causes of recent negative experiences of certain international performances and organisations, as well as the requirements in the new global economic order.

Chapter 8 describes the performance of the public controls in integration and globalisation, in reference to the effective management of the network that con-forms within the framework of the European Union. Chapter 9 is dedicated to the management of integration and decentralization in Spain that studies in detail ad-ministration issues such as the participation in the European Monetary System, the process until the integration of Spain in the Economic and Monetary Union or the decentralization of the State towards the Autonomous Communities (regions) and Municipalities. Finally, chapter 10 is reserved to study the human capital of the manager of the new economy, the importance of his/her training in the new scien-tific culture, the organizational learning in a world without borders and the task of the institutional economist in the new models of complex management and control.